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Recombinant human GM-CSF protein (Qk076)
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor involved in the differentiation and activation of monocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and granulocytes such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
GM-CSF is commonly used in cell culture to stimulate the differentiation and maturation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells or peripheral blood monocytes to myeloid cells.
Qkine human GM-CSF is composed of 144 amino acids with a molecular weight of 14.6 kDa. This protein is animal origin-free, carrier protein-free, tag-free, and non-glycosylated to ensure a homogenous population with exceptional lot-to-lot consistency. Qk076 is suitable for reproducible and high-quality neutrophils and other relevant cell cultures.
Orders are typically shipped same or next day (except Friday).
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1000µg will be despatched as 2 x 500µg
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For any questions, please email orders@qkine.com
Summary
High purity human protein (Uniprot number: P04141)
>98%, by SDS-PAGE quantitative densitometry
Source: Expressed in E. coli
14.6 kDa, monomer
Animal origin-free (AOF) and carrier protein-free
Manufactured in Cambridge, UK
Lyophilized from acetonitrile/TFA
Resuspend in water at >100 µg/ml, prepare single-use aliquots, add carrier protein if desired, and store frozen at -20°C or -80°C
Featured applications
Generation of iPSC-derived granulocytes
Differentiation of peripheral blood monocytes to myeloid lineages
Polarization of macrophages
Generation of immature dendritic cells
Differentiation of stem cells into erythrocytes and megakaryocytes
Asymmetric stem cell self-renewal in human keratinocytes
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF, Colony Stimulating Factor-2, CSF-2, MGI-1GM, Pluripoietin-alpha, Molgramostin, Sargramostim, MGC131935, MGC138897
human
species similarity:
mouse – 53%
rat – 62%
porcine – 70%
bovine – 68%
Frequently used together
Bioactivity

GM-CSF activity is determined using proliferation of TF-1 human myeloid leukemia cells. EC50 = 52.5 ng/ml (3.6 nM). Cells are treated in triplicate with a serial dilution of GM-CSF for 48 hours. Cell viability is measured using the CellTiter-Glo (Promega) luminescence assay. Data from Qk076 lot #204525.
Purity

Recombinant GM-CSF migrates as a major band at approximately 14.6 kDa in non-reducing (NR) ad reduced (R) conditions. No contaminating protein bands are present. The purified recombinant protein (3 µg) was resolved using 15% w/v SDS-PAGE in reduced (+β-mercaptoethanol, R) and non-reduced conditions and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250. Data from Qk076 batch #204525.
Further quality assays
Mass spectrometry, single species with the expected mass
Endotoxin: <0.005 EU/μg protein (below the level of detection)
Recovery from stock vial: >95%
We are a company founded and run by scientists to provide a service and support innovation in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. All our products are exceptionally high purity, with complete characterisation and bioactivity analysis on every lot.
Qkine GM-CSF is as biologically active as the comparable alternative supplier protein

Stimulation of proliferation of TF-1 cells with Qkine GM-CSF (Qk076, green) and alternative supplier GM-CSF (Supplier B, black). Cells were treated in triplicate with a serial dilution of GM-CSF for 48 hours and proliferation measured using the CellTiter-Glo (Promega) luminescence assay.
Qkine GM-CSF is stable and bioactive up to 28 days in cell culture conditions
A

B

Bioactivity was determined using proliferation of TF-1 human myeloid leukaemia cells. Cells were treated in triplicate for 48 hours with a serial dilution of GM-CSF which had been pre-incubated in conditioned media at 37°C for 28 days (A). Cell viability was measured using CellTiter-Glo (Promega) luminescence assay. SDS-PAGE of recombinant GM-CSF showed that protein was not degraded when incubated in HEK293T conditioned media for 14 or 28 days at 37°C (B).
Protein background
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF-2), is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietic family of growth factors. GM-CSF induces the development of myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocytic cell lineages[1-4]. It plays a crucial role in the survival and recruitment of myeloid cells to inflammation sites and is also involved in regulating T-cell function [1,3,5-7]. Its role in the differentiation and proliferation of myeloid progenitors towards macrophages and dendritic cells was first identified, followed by its role as a cytokine during inflammation [1,3,5,6]. Other growth factors involved in monocyte/macrophage regulation include M-CSF and IFN-γ [8,9].
GM-CSF is a monomer composed of 144 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 14.6 kDa [10]. It is produced by various cells including activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, monocytes, mast cells, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts [1,11]. GM-CSF binds to the GM-CSF receptor (GM-CSFR or CSF2R) expressed by myeloid cells and some non-hematopoietic cells [1,12]. This receptor is not present in lymphoid cells. GM-CSFR is composed of an α chain and β chain. The ternary complex of GM-CSF to GM-CSFR assembles into a dodecamer or higher-order complex and activates the downstream signaling pathways: JAK2/ STAT5, Ras/ ERK, NF-κB, and PI3K pathways [1,7].
GM-CSF is commonly used in cell culture with FGF-2 to stimulate the differentiation and maturation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells or peripheral blood monocytes to myeloid cells [13-15]. Myeloid cells include monocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and granulocytes such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. The differentiation into macrophages is commonly performed using media supplemented with GM-CSF or M-CSF. GM-CSF and M-CSF can increase the glycolytic activity of macrophages, as well as influence their polarization and shape [16-19]. GM-CSF, along with Lipopolysaccharide and IFN-γ, favor an M1-polarized macrophage of a “fried-egg” shape [19-22]. In the case of dendritic cells, GM-CSF and IL-4 can generate immature dendric cells [23,24]. Further maturation is achieved using a mixture of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2, and IL-10 [24]. Finally, GM-CSF is used as a growth factor to differentiate stem cells into erythrocytes and megakaryocytes with IL-3 as well as to stimulate and promote the self-renewal of keratinocytes [4,25,26].
GM-CSF is involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and immune disorders such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis [1,27-29]. As such, several preclinical models and clinical models have evaluated that GM-CSF may be a viable therapeutic target [2,30]. GM-CSF-based vaccines have been shown to enhance the immune response to vaccines by promoting the maturation and activation of dendritic cells in preclinical models [31]. GM-CSF has also been approved for patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy as well as for bone marrow transplantation to stimulate the production of myeloid cells. However, further insights are needed on GM-CSF pro-tumorigenic effects to harness its therapeutic potential [32,33]. Finally, due to its role in embryonic development, GM-CSF has been proposed as a culture media supplement for in vitro fertilization where its potential and effectiveness will be confirmed with more randomized controlled trials [34].
Our products are for research use only and not for diagnostic or therapeutic use. Products are not for resale.

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