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Recombinant human IL-1 beta protein (Qk101)
Recombinant human interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and a potent mediator of inflammation and immune responses. It promotes the activation and recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection or injury, such as antigen presenting cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. In cell culture, IL-1 beta is used to stimulate and activate immune cells (macrophages and T cells), maintain hematopoietic progenitor cells, and modulate the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.
Human IL-1 beta is a monomer of a molecular weight of 17.3 kDa. This protein is animal-free, carrier protein-free, and tag-free to ensure a homogenous population with exceptional lot-to-lot consistency. IL-1 beta is suitable for reproducible, high-quality hematopoietic stem cells and more specific lineages.
Orders are typically shipped same or next day (except Friday).
Easy world-wide ordering, direct or through our distributors.
1000µg will be despatched as 2 x 500µg
Buy online with secure credit card or purchase order or email orders@qkine.com
Bulk and stock reservation available
Summary
Highly pure human protein (UniProt number: P01584)
>98%, by SDS-PAGE quantitative densitometry
Source: Expressed in E. coli
17.3 kDa, monomer
Animal-free (AOF) and carrier protein-free
Manufactured in Cambridge, UK
Lyophilized from HEPES/NaCl/Cys
Resuspend in water at >100 µg/ml, prepare single-use aliquots, add carrier protein if desired and store frozen at -20°C or -80°C
Featured applications
Maintenance of hematopoietic progenitor cells
Activation of M2 macrophages
Activation of Th17 cells
Differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells
Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts
Differentiation of neural stem cells into neurons and astrocytes
Catabolin
[1] C. A. Dinarello, “Interleukin-1,” Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 253–265, Dec. 1997, doi: 10.1016/S1359-6101(97)00023-3.
[2] C. A. Dinarello, “The biological properties of interleukin-1,” Eur. Cytokine Netw., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 517–531, Nov. 1994.
[3] A. S. Yazdi and K. Ghoreschi, “The Interleukin-1 Family,” in Regulation of Cytokine Gene Expression in Immunity and Diseases, X. Ma, Ed., in Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. , Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016, pp. 21–29. doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_2.
[4] L. Feldmeyer, S. Werner, L. E. French, and H.-D. Beer, “Interleukin-1, inflammasomes and the skin,” Eur. J. Cell Biol., vol. 89, no. 9, pp. 638–644, Sep. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.04.008.
[5] R. Bent, L. Moll, S. Grabbe, and M. Bros, “Interleukin-1 Beta—A Friend or Foe in Malignancies?,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 19, no. 8, Art. no. 8, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.3390/ijms19082155.
[6] R. M. Friedlander, V. Gagliardini, R. J. Rotello, and J. Yuan, “Functional role of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) in IL-1 beta-converting enzyme-mediated apoptosis.,” J. Exp. Med., vol. 184, no. 2, pp. 717–724, Aug. 1996, doi: 10.1084/jem.184.2.717.
[7] H. Tilg, E. Vannier, G. Vachino, C. A. Dinarello, and J. W. Mier, “Antiinflammatory properties of hepatic acute phase proteins: preferential induction of interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist over IL-1 beta synthesis by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.,” J. Exp. Med., vol. 178, no. 5, pp. 1629–1636, Nov. 1993, doi: 10.1084/jem.178.5.1629.
[8] S. Sisson and C. Dinarello, “Production of interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor by human mononuclear cells stimulated with granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor [see comments],” Blood, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1368–1374, Oct. 1988, doi: 10.1182/blood.V72.4.1368.1368.
[9] Y. Chung et al., “Critical regulation of early Th17 cell differentiation by IL-1 signaling,” Immunity, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 576–587, Apr. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.02.007.
[10] P. Luz-Crawford et al., “Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Promotes Macrophage Polarization and Inhibits B Cell Differentiation,” Stem Cells, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 483–492, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1002/stem.2254.
[11] S. A. Steer, A. L. Scarim, K. T. Chambers, and J. A. Corbett, “Interleukin-1 Stimulates β-Cell Necrosis and Release of the Immunological Adjuvant HMGB1,” PLOS Med., vol. 3, no. 2, p. e17, Dec. 2005, doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030017.
[12] A. McClellan, R. Evans, C. Sze, S. Kan, Y. Paterson, and D. Guest, “A novel mechanism for the protection of embryonic stem cell derived tenocytes from inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta,” Sci. Rep., vol. 9, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39370-4.
[13] A. E. Bigildeev, E. A. Zezina, I. N. Shipounova, and N. J. Drize, “Interleukin-1 beta enhances human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell proliferative potential and their ability to maintain hematopoietic precursor cells,” Cytokine, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 246–254, Feb. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.018.
[14] B. Mosley et al., “The interleukin-1 receptor binds the human interleukin-1 alpha precursor but not the interleukin-1 beta precursor.,” J. Biol. Chem., vol. 262, no. 7, pp. 2941–2944, Mar. 1987, doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)61450-4.
[15] K. Maedler, G. Dharmadhikari, D. M. Schumann, and J. Størling, “Interleukin-1 beta targeted therapy for type 2 diabetes,” Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1177–1188, Sep. 2009, doi: 10.1517/14712590903136688.
Human
Bioactivity
IL-1 beta activity is determined using the IL-1β-responsive firefly luciferase reporter assay. Transfected HEK293T cells are treated in triplicate with a serial dilution of IL-1β for 3 hours. Firefly luciferase activity is measured and normalised to the control Renilla luciferase activity. Data from Qk101 lot #204587.
EC50 = 71 pg/mL (4 pM)
Purity
Recombinant IL-1β migrates as a major band at 17.4 kDa in non-reducing (NR) conditions. The higher molecular weight minor band is the dimeric form. Upon reduction (R), only the 17.4 kDa band is visible. No contaminating protein bands are present.
Purified recombinant protein (3 µg) was resolved using 15% w/v SDS-PAGE in reduced (+β-mercaptothanol, R) and non-reduced (NR) conditions and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250. Data from Qk101 batch #204587.
Further quality assays
Mass spectrometry, single species with the expected mass
Endotoxin: <0.005 EU/μg protein (below the level of detection)
Recovery from stock vial: >95%
We are a company founded and run by scientists to provide a service and support innovation in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. All our products are exceptionally high purity, with complete characterisation and bioactivity analysis on every lot.
Protein background
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and a member of the interleukin-1 family, including IL-1α [1]–[4]. IL-1β is a potent mediator of inflammation and immune responses. It plays a key role in initiating and amplifying the inflammatory cascade in response to infection, injury, or other pathological conditions [2], [5], [6]. It promotes the activation and recruitment of immune cells, such as antigen-presenting cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes, to sites of infection or injury and induces fever [3], [5]. IL-1β also stimulates the production of acute-phase proteins in the liver, contributing to systemic responses during inflammation, such as blood clotting and tissue repair [1], [7].
In cell culture, IL-1 beta is used to stimulate various immune cells (macrophages, monocytes, and T cells) as well as epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts [1], [8]. IL-1β inhibits the B cell differentiation and promotes the proliferation, survival, and polarization of macrophages towards the M2 phenotype and CD4+ T cells towards T helper type 1 and 17 (Th1 and Th17) cells [5], [9], [10]. IL-1β mimics the effects of inflammation along with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and promotes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators [2], [11]. IL-1 beta is also used to maintain mesenchymal stromal cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells and to modulate the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, neural stem cells into neurons and astrocytes, and endothelial cells [12], [13].
IL-1β is produced primarily by activated macrophages and monocytes, as well as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and specific fibroblasts, in response to various stimuli such as infection, tissue damage, or stress. IL-1β is a protein composed of 153 amino acids. It is synthesized as an inactive precursor, pro-IL-1β, which requires cleavage by the enzyme caspase-1 to become active [1]. The activity of IL-1β is tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammation. In addition to the cleavage of pro-IL-1β by caspase-1, other regulatory mechanisms, such as IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and soluble receptors, modulate IL-1β signaling [6]. IL-1β is characterized by a beta-trefoil fold, six antiparallel beta-strands arranged in a threefold symmetric pattern. IL-1 beta binds to specific cell surface receptors, primarily the IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) [5], [14]. This binding triggers a signaling cascade, leading to the activation of transcription factors and the expression of pro-inflammatory genes.
Dysregulation of IL-1β is associated with various chronic inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease [5], [15]. IL-1β may also support the tumour development by increasing tumour-associated macrophages and sustaining chronic inflammation and metastasis [5]. Therapeutic interventions targeting IL-1β, such as IL-1β inhibitors, have been developed for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
Our products are for research use only and not for diagnostic or therapeutic use. Products are not for resale.
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