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Recombinant human activin E PLUS™ protein (Qk067)
Human recombinant activin E PLUS protein is an optimised biologically active truncation of the mature domain of human activin E protein. Activin E is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) superfamily, a group of proteins that play key roles in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and inflammation. The tag-free form of activin E PLUS is of significant interest for drug discovery across various fields. An Avi-tag version, recombinant human activin E PLUS Avi-tag protein (Qk082), is also available upon request.
High purity 23.2 kDa dimer comprising truncated mature domain, animal origin-free (AOF) and carrier-protein free (CF).
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1000µg will be despatched as 2 x 500µg
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Summary
Highly pure optimised form of the mature domain of activin E (UniProt number: P58166)
>98%, by SDS-PAGE quantitative densitometry
Source: Expressed in E. coli
23.2 kDa, dimer
Animal origin-free (AOF) and carrier protein-free
Manufactured in Cambridge, UK
Lyophilized from ACN/TFA
Resuspend in 10mM HCl at >100 µg/ml (provided with protein and free of charge), prepare single-use aliquots, add carrier protein if desired and store frozen at -20°C or -80°C
Featured applications
Drug discovery in endocrinology
Drug discovery in inflammation
Drug discovery in metabolism
Development of metabolic therapeutics
Cell growth, differentiation, and inflammation
INHBE
Activin beta-E chain
Inhibin beta E chain
Human
Bioactivity
Recombinant activin E PLUS activity was determined using a Smad reporter assay in HEK293 cells co-transfected with the activin E co-receptor ALK7. Cells were treated in triplicate with a serial dilution of activin E PLUS for 6 hours. Firefly activity was measured and normalised to the control Renilla luciferase activity. Data from Qk067 lot 204646. EC50 = 0.16 ng/ml (6.8 pM).
Purity
Recombinant activin E PLUS migrates as a major band at approximately 23 kDa (dimer) in non-reducing (NR) conditions. Upon reduction (R), only the monomer band at approximately 12 kDa is visible. No contaminating protein bands are present. The purified recombinant protein (3 µg) was resolved using 15% w/v SDS-PAGE in reduced (+β-mercaptoethanol, R) and non-reduced (NR) conditions and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250. Data from Qk067 lot #204646.
Further quality assays
Mass spectrometry, single species with the expected mass
Endotoxin: <0.005 EU/μg protein (below the level of detection)
Recovery from stock vial: >95%
We are a company founded and run by scientists to provide a service and support innovation in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. All our products are exceptionally high purity, with complete characterisation and bioactivity analysis on every lot.
Protein background
Activin E is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily, a group of proteins that play a key role in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and inflammation. Like other activins, activin E is a dimeric protein, consisting of two subunits connected by a disulfide bond. These subunits are produced from precursor molecules that undergo cleavage to form the active protein. Activin E has a characteristic cystine knot motif, common in the TGF-beta family and crucial for its function [1].
Activin E was initially identified for its role in reproductive biology but has since been implicated in broader biological processes, including metabolic regulation. It is primarily expressed in the liver and has been implicated in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism [2,3]. It has been detected in adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract.
Activin E signals through the ALK7 receptor in liver and adipose tissues, specifically using the ActRIIA and ActRIIB receptors, while resisting antagonists like follistatin [1]. Receptor binding activates the SMAD2/3 pathway in adipocytes, linking it to adipose tissue regulation and positioning it as a potential target for treating obesity and metabolic disorders by enhancing insulin sensitivity and thermogenesis. Blocking activin E may also serve as an anti-diabetic strategy by improving adipose energy metabolism [1].
Activin E shares functions with other activins, such as enhancing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) binding in the ovarian follicle, promoting spermatogenesis, and participating in androgen synthesis. These varied roles make it a protein of interest for drug discovery across multiple fields, including endocrinology, metabolism, and inflammation. Understanding the activin E signaling pathways and biological effects could open new avenues for therapeutic interventions in obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases [2].
FAQ
Activin E is a protein belonging to the TGF-beta superfamily, involved in the regulation of inflammation, metabolism and muscle growth.
Activin E is primarily expressed in the liver and has been implicated in metabolic processes, including the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Additionally, activin E has been detected in adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract.
Activin E is not traditionally classified as a cytokine. Instead, it is part of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. While it has signaling functions similar to cytokines, it is more accurately described as a growth factor within the TGF-β family.
The activin E gene, known as INHBE, encodes for the activin E protein.
The activin gene family includes several genes that encode different activin subunits, forming various activin isoforms such as Inhibin Beta Subunits (INHBA / INHBB / INHBC / INHBD).
Activin E primarily binds to the activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7), also known as ACVR1C. This receptor is part of the TGF-β signaling pathway and is expressed in various tissues, including adipose tissue. When activin E binds to ALK7, it initiates signaling cascades that influence metabolic processes, such as the regulation of adipose tissue function and energy homeostasis. This interaction is particularly important in controlling lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
The activin E pathway is part of the larger TGF-β signaling pathway and involves the binding of activin E to its receptor, primarily ALK7 (activin receptor-like kinase 7). Upon binding, ALK7 undergoes phosphorylation, which activates intracellular signaling cascades, particularly the SMAD proteins. These SMAD proteins then translocate to the nucleus, where they regulate the expression of target genes involved in metabolic processes such as lipid metabolism, adipose tissue function, and energy homeostasis.
Recombinant human activin E PLUS Avi-tag protein (Qk082), is available upon request.
Please contact us for pricing, QC and bioactivity data.
Our products are for research use only and not for diagnostic or therapeutic use. Products are not for resale.
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